116 C Survey KH19

Data structure

A means of storing a collection of data. Computer science is in part the study of methods for effectively using a computer to solve problems, or in other words, determining exactly the problem to be solved. This process entails (1) gaining an understanding of the problem; (2) translating vague descriptions, goals, and contradictory requests, and often unstated desires, into a precisely formulated conceptual solution; and (3) implementing the solution with a computer program. This solution typically consists of two parts: algorithms and data structures.

When a list displays the relationship of adjacency between elements, it is said to be linear; otherwise it is said to be nonlinear.




Linear data structures
General type
Specific types
List (or vector)
Array
Bitmaps
Images
Heightfields
Dynamic array
Parallel array
Sparse array
Matrix
Sparse matrix
Bitboard
Linked list
Unrolled linked list
Xor linked list
Doubly linked list
VList
Line
Stack
Queue
Priority queue
Deque
Circular buffer
Associative array(a.k.a. dictionary or map)
Hash table
Self-balancing binary search tree
Skip list

Non linear data structures
General type
Specific types
Graph data structures
Adjacency list
Adjacency matrix
Disjoint-set data structure
Graph-structured stack
Scene graph
Frame
Database
Tree data structures
M-Way Tree
B-tree
2-3-4 tree
[[B+ tree]]
B*-tree
UB-tree
R-tree
[[R+ tree]]
R* tree
Binary tree
Binary heap
Binary search trees (each tree node compares entire key values)
Self-balancing binary search trees
AVL tree
Red-black tree
AA tree
Scapegoat tree
Splay tree
Top Trees
Interval tree
Treap
Trie family (each tree node compares a bitslice of key values)
Radix tree
van Emde Boas tree
Suffix tree
Directed Acyclic Word Graph (DAWG)
Heap
Binary heap
Binomial heap
Fibonacci heap
2-3 heap
Soft heap
Pairing heap
Leftist heap
Treap
Beap
Skew heap
Parse tree
Space partitioning
BSP tree
Kd-tree
Kdb-tree
Quadtree
Octree

ITS C Survey KH13

Structure of the EARTH

• The interior structure of the Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is layered. These layers can either be defined by their chemical or rheological properties. The Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of Earth's internal structure is based on extrapolations of physical evidence which has come from the first few kilometres of Earth's surface, samples brought to the surface from deeper depths by volcanic activity and analysis of seismic waves that pass through it.

Structure of an EGG

• The egg is a biological structure intended by nature for reproduction. It protects and provides a complete diet for the developing embryo, and serves as the principal source of food for the first few days of the chick's life. The egg is also one of the most nutritious and versatile of human foods.

116 C Survey#1

What is Computer System?

• A complete, working computer. The computer system includes not only the computer, but also any software and peripheral devices that are necessary to make the computer function. Every computer system, for example, requires an operating system.

What are the Components of Computer System?

Input

• Text input devices
  • Keyboard - a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the QWERTY layout.
• Pointing devices
  • Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
  • Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.

• Gaming devices
  • Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
  • Gamepad - a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input.
  • Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
• Image, Video input devices
  • Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object.
  • Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet.
• Audio input devices
  • Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals

Output

• Image, Video output devices
  • Printer
  • Monitor
• Audio output devices
  • Speakers
  • Headset